Analysis Of Ray Bradbury s Fahrenheit 451 - 1815 Words

Ray Bradbury was a well-known author who happened to write several novels, books, and short stories. He was very famous and I have never read anything that he wrote, until I read this book. I wasn’t sure what to expect because I had no idea what it was about and what kind of story it told. Fahrenheit 451 told a breathtaking adventure, was relatable, and it was almost as if I was submerged in this dystopian society, who was forced to live without imagination, books and a sense of wonder. Mr. Bradbury wrote a great, detailed postmodern, piece of literature. Today, I would like to state why I find this a great piece of work, defend it as a postmodern piece and why I think it has traditional American culture in it. Also explain what themes were throughout as well as the symbolism it contained in order to achieve its point of taking down on â€Å"Mass Society†. The story starts out by telling you a why and how the book got the title. Little did I know, the title actually ha s an important meaning to it, which adds a unique piece of information that adds to the story of Montag. Four hundred and fifty one degrees is actually the temperature at which book-paper catches fire and burns. Guy Montag the main protagonists is a die-hard firefighter and loves his job. â€Å"It was a special pleasure to see things eaten, to see things blackened and changed. With the brass nozzle in his (Montag) fists, with this great python spitting its venomous kerosene upon the world, the blood pounded in hisShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Ray Bradbury s Fahrenheit 451 Essay2089 Words   |  9 PagesThe analysis of Ray Bradbury s dystopian novel, Fahrenheit 451, shows that literature as books, education and alike is abused and criminalized in the hero’s reality, who is Guy Montag. The novel’s setting is when new things seem to have totally replaced literature, fire fighters set flames instead of putting them out, the ownership of books is deserving of the law and to restrict the standard is to court demise. The oppression of literature through innovation and technology can be analyzed throughRead MoreAnalysis Of Ray Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4511743 Words   |  7 PagesIn Fahrenheit 451, by Ray Bradbury, the protagonist, Guy Montag, suddenly realizes his overwhelming discontent with life when he meets Clarisse McClean, a seventeen year old girl who introduces him to beauty of the world and the notion of questioning ones surroundings. This novel, having been released shortly after the Second Read Scare, a time when fear of communism lead to the baseless accusation of political figures by Senator McCarthy, was received with mixed reviews. However, today more so thanRead MoreAnalysis Of Ray Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4511722 Words   |  7 Pagesthem†. Morrison’s claim can be interpreted as meaning that heroes, whoever they may be, are people who have the courage to revolt against injustices that are viewed by most as fixed or unchangeab le parts of their societies. In Ray Bradbury’s acclaimed 1953 novel Fahrenheit 451, the protagonist Guy Montag certainly qualifies as a hero as he rebels against the dystopian society he lives in, which has completely eschewed critical thinking and reading books. Montag begins to realize that this society isRead MoreAnalysis Of Ray Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4511633 Words   |  7 PagesBradbury’s Fahrenheit 451: Dissecting the Hero’s Journey to Dystopic World Each person has a perception of the world. People are capable of judging the place they live in, human beings often find it either satisfactory or not. Creative writers have displayed similar, albeit different worlds in their works. They are similar in the way they portray societies with varied amounts of good and evil which may be reflective of how we view our own. On the other hand, they can also be different, as creativeRead MoreAnalysis Of Ray Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4511193 Words   |  5 Pagestrue today? In Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451, ideas such as dystopian society, the dulling of emotions, personal freedom, and government censorship are utilized to illustrate how technology, the advancement of society, and government control has blindfolded the population from the creativity, knowledge, and truth of the past. Bradbury employs each of these ideas frequently throughout the novel to further enhance the deeper meaning behind his masterpiece. When one looks at Fahrenheit 451 like a workRead MoreAnalysis Of Ray Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4511241 Words   |  5 Pagesof the people who do not do anything about it† (Albert Einstein). In Ray Bradbury’s novel Fahrenheit 451, the novel explores censorships role as a hindrance on individuality, and the severe toll it takes on society’s self-awareness. Academia has widely argued the reason behind Bradbury’s dystopian themed work of art. Most interpretations of the novel suggest the work resembles anti-censorship propaganda. On the other hand, Bradbury himself stated: â€Å"I wasn’t worried about censorship-I was worried aboutRead MoreAnalysis Of Ray Bradbury s Fahrenheit 451 1486 Words   |  6 Pagesthe story. The novel Fahrenheit 451 concludes with a corrupt censored society in which hundreds of oppressed individuals are killed by an atomic bomb leaving Guy Montag and a few others to rebuild humanity. Many will propose that the ending was not app ropriate because there were too many questions left unanswered. For example, â€Å"What happened to Professor Faber?† or â€Å"How will a couple of homeless men survive post from a nuclear war?† The conclusion of Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451 leaves the readerRead MoreAnalysis Of Ray Bradbury s Fahrenheit 451 Essay1311 Words   |  6 PagesAuthored by Ray Bradbury in 1953, Fahrenheit 451, a descriptively written science fiction, presents its readers with his bitterly satirical view of the foreboding future and the consequences that may come with it. The novel depicts a dystopian society in which freedom of expression and thought is limited and books are outlawed. Written after WWII, when book burning and the blacklisting or censorship of films was a common threat. Technological advances were beginning to spread and therefore, influencingRead MoreAnalysis Of Ray Bradbury s Fahrenheit 451 875 Words   |  4 PagesGiridhar Batra Ross-1 Aug 29. 2014 Fahrenheit 451 Essay The Role of Technology as a Theme in Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451 The average person in our society spends 7-8 hours a day(The Washington Post) using technology; that is stuff like television, video games, surfing the web, etc. Let that set in; that’s a long time. Our society procrastinates also is constantly distracted by technology like no other. We are practically glued to technology; before we become slaves of technology we must changeRead MoreAnalysis Of Ray Bradbury s Fahrenheit 451 1396 Words   |  6 PagesAn Analysis of Freedom of Information in Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury This study examines the issue of freedom of information in the story of literary oppression found in Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury. Bradbury presents the oppression of an authoritarian state that does not allow its citizens to reads books. Guy Montag is initially a servant of the state that requires him to locate and persecute members of the community that still collect books. In various cases, Bradbury defines the rights

Joint Venture Between Alcatel And Lucent Technologies...

The following report is based on the joint venture between Alcatel and Lucent Technologies becoming Alcatel Lucent. The initial company Alcatel, is a French based telecommunications company that attempted to expand to the United States for market growth/ potential in 2006. The actions taken, implemented in Alcatel Lucent not being able to meet its objective to make a foot print in the U.S market and economy, however the opportunity for the company is available if it can find a method to beat the heavy competition and gain local shares in the market against the large brands already existent and born in the U.S. furthermore Alcatel Lucent need to recover from the deficit it faced from the 2007 global recession (Alcatel Lucent, 2015). Introduction International business is the measurement of performance based on trade and investment past national borders. A firm will often go international or be born global as an overall strategic implement of market potential and growth to gain more efficiency and profit (Luthans, 2012). However there is huge risk with taking on the market potential international, the risk can be the success or failure of a firm. To reduce this risk of failure, firms often rely on knowledge as a key resource to measure the business environment (NorthWestern Ontario Innovation,, 2015). As a facilitator of trade and investment, the key attributes that should be investigated are primarily the fundamental flow and involvement of the goods, services,Show MoreRelatedJoint Venture of the France Based Company Alcatel and the U.S. Based Company Lucent Technologies1831 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction A joint venture, according to Adler and Graham (1989),along with mergers and acquisitions, licensing and distribution agreements, and sales of products and services – critical aspects of all such interorganizational relationships, are face-to-face negotiations. This would mean the interaction between people. In today’s society, as the world becomes much more globalized than we could ever think of, with the fast growth of the internet industry, we are connected with people from anotherRead MoreBharti Airtel - Business Model3507 Words   |  15 Pagesâ€Å"Airtel†. Innovative Business Model: Bharti Airtel is globally well known as the telecom operator who radically changed the business model in Telecom sector. In 2003, it implemented the unique business model by outsourcing not only Information Technology services but also entire network operations to more capable players and made them strategic partners in own business. Scenario and drivers for innovation: Telecom is capital intensive, competitive and highly regulated industry. Players with deepRead MoreConsumer Perception on Buying Behaviour Towards Smartphones11189 Words   |  45 Pages1973 and were offered for sale beginning in 1994, the term smartphone did not appear until 1997, when Ericsson described its GS 88 Penelope concept as a Smart Phone. The distinction between smartphones and feature phones can be vague, and there is no official definition for what constitutes the difference between them. One of the most significant differences is that the advanced application programming interfaces (APIs) on smartphones for running third-party applications can allow those applicationsRead MoreFinance5383 Words   |  22 Pagesand Acquisitions Mergers that are of a large scale may have been introduced in order to occupy a large share of the market, whereas acquisitions may have been formed in order to eliminate the competition. The mobile phone group of the recent merge between t mobile UK and orange UK could be potentially the biggest value creating company of all time. There aim is to take advantage of the fact that their products are related so that they can build of each other and therefore create profit and value forRead MoreEssay about Nokia Case10275 Words   |  42 Pages21 7.3. TOWS Matrix 22 8. Strategies 22 8.1. Strategy 1: Renewed customer focus and brand building (short-term) 22 8.2. Strategy 2: Develop a tablet product (short-term) 22 8.3. Strategy 3: Develop venture capital arm of NAVTEQ 23 8.4. Strategy 4: Develop 4G technology 23 8.5. Strategy 5: Spinning off Nokia-Siemens Networks (short-term) 23 8.6. Strategy 6: Develop flexible supply chain 23 8.7. Strategy 7: Reduce product range (short-term) 23 8.8. Strategy 8: ImproveRead MoreMergers Acquisitions: The Case of Microsoft and Nokia Essay23810 Words   |  96 Pagesmarket has led companies to change their business strategies. Indeed, Mergers and Acquisition are considered one of the best strategies to increase shareholder value despite its hardship to be well-implemented. For this reason, a consolidation between Microsoft and Nokia may create new opportunities to challenge the market. Thereby, the focus of this dissertation will be the calculation of the additional value created by combining both firms bearing in mind the companies’ financial situationsRead MoreResources Capabilities20336 Words   |  82 PagesCSAC05 1/13/07 9:21 Page 123 5 Analyzing Resources and Capabilities Analysts have tended to deï ¬ ne assets too narrowly, identifying only those that can be measured, such as plant and equipment. Yet the intangible assets, such as a particular technology, accumulated consumer information, brand name, reputation, and corporate culture, are invaluable to the ï ¬ rm’s competitive power. In fact, these invisible assets are often the only real source of competitive edge that can be sustained over time. Read MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 PagesBathtub Period 385 Ford Motor Co.: Electrical/Electronic Systems Engineering 388 viii 11 PROJECT RISK MANAGEMENT 401 CONTENTS The Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster 403 The Space Shuttle Columbia Disaster 453 Packer Telecom 460 Luxor Technologies 462 Altex Corporation 466 Acme Corporation 470 12 CONFLICT MANAGEMENT 473 Facilities Scheduling at Mayer Manufacturing 475 Scheduling the Safety Lab 478 Telestar International 480 The Problem with Priorities 482 13 MORALITY AND ETHICS Read MoreCase Study148348 Words   |  594 Pagesand Entrepreneurship at Apple Grupo Ferrovial and the Acquisition of Amey plc Who Runs Education Now? Mergers and De-mergers in the Public Sector Severstal Queensland Rail: QR Ltd (QR) The Changan-Ford Joint Venture: Same Bed but Different Dreams? TNK-BP: from Russia Without Love – a Joint Venture That Almost Fell Apart International HIV / AIDS Alliance Doman Synthetic Fibres plc (B) Sony Corporation: Restructuring Continues, Problems Remain LEAX: Managing Through a Crisis Design and DevelopmentRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pageseroding competitive position due to errors of omission are difficult to calculate precisely, the costs of errors of commission are often fully evident. For example, with Euro Disney, in 1993 alone the loss was $960 million from a poorly planned venture; it improved in 1994 with only a $366 million loss. With Maytag’s overseas Hoover Division, the costs of an incredibly bungled sales promotion were more than $300 million, and still counting. Then there was the monumental acquisition of Chrysler

Legal Case for ASIIC vs. Adler - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Write about theLegal Case for ASIIC vs. Adler . Answer: The case of ASIIC vs. Adler is very unique and complicated as well. This case consists of various breaches of duties given in the corporation act 2001. In this case, directors, duties, their legal position, business judgment rules and statutory duties to act in good faith and for proper purpose have been taken into consideration (Bainbridge, 2002). This case is revolving around the Alder who was Non- Executive director of HIH. Williams was the director and CEO Company and Dominic Federal were the director and financial controller. The case was held for the misconduct in shares of other associated company and these three directors were liable for the conflict of related party transactions. It was given that Adler made AEUT to buy various investments amounted to more than 3 million dollars from his company. In this AEUT held that all the directors of company contravened all their duties (Clarke et al, 2003). In addition to this, duty provisions and directors duties given corporation ac t were also contravened as per the rules and regulation given for related party transactions in corporation act. It was held that all the directors act without holding meeting and passing resolution. Adler incorporated new company and enter into transactions with the company for his personal benefits. (Beans, 2007).He acquired three unlisted technology investment to PEE and unsecured loans from AEUT. In addition to this, Williams also breached his position by authorizing the ten million dollars payment by not following proper procedure (El Vault, 2003). In this case it was held that, it is their duty to follow all the rules and regulations for smooth running of business. After hearing all the facts and rules of this case, Tribunal ban Adler from acting as director of company for twenty years and provided that all the members and employees should follow all the laws, rules and regulation given in corporation act otherwise heavy penalties would be imposed on them (Hill McDonnell, 20 12). After analyzing all the facts and rules of this case, it was held that Adler had used his position for his personal gain and also breached various duties and laws which are given in corporation act. Therefore, he was banned from being a director in current and other companies for at least 20 years. On the other hand, William was also held liable for doing misuse of information and for helping Adler in his ill- intentioned. In the hand, Supreme Court penalized directors associated in this act and imposed heavy penalties for violation of corporation act (Lee Swartz, American Bar Association, 2007). Adler was banned from being a directors for 20 years while, on the other hand, William was disqualified from being a directors for at least 10 years. These penalties were necessary to teach them the outcome of violation of laws and regulations (Bainbridge, 2015). References Bainbridge, S. (2015).Corporate Law. West Academic. Bainbridge, S. M. (2002).Corporation law and economics. New York, N.Y: Foundation Press. Clarke, F. L., Dean, G. W., Oliver, K. G. (2003).Corporate collapse: Accounting, regulatory and ethical failure. Cambridge [u.a.: Cambridge Univ. Press. El, K. Z., Vault (Firm). (2003).Vault guide to corporate law careers. New York: Vault Inc. Hill, C. A., McDonnell, B. H. (2012).Research handbook on the economics of corporate law. Cheltenham, U.K: Edward Elgar. Lee, D., Swartz, M., American Bar Association. (2007).The corporate, securities, and M A lawyer's job: A survival guide. Chicago: ABA, General Practice, Solo Small Firm Division.

The Unethical Business Practices Of Shell Commerce Essay Example For Students

The Unethical Business Practices Of Shell Commerce Essay Unethical patterns by organisations are often increasing as the force per unit area to vie and win compels them to disregard the ethical and moral facets of their patterns and decision-making. In order to maximise value for its stockholders and addition profitableness, Shell ended up corrupting the Nigerian functionaries toA do it easier to import their goods and equipment, in order to avoid imposts responsibilities, extend contracts and lower revenue enhancement etc. Therefore this study investigates and scrutinizes Shell s unethical patterns in context to it s the moral codification of moralss and recommends Shell to be more ethical in their pattern. Outline1 1.3 Introduction2 1.4 Historical Background3 1.5 Report Preview4 2.0 Shells Unethical patterns:5 2.1 Conoco Phillips:6 2.2 Shell vs. ConocoPhillips7 3.0 Recommendations and Facts:8 3.1 Recommendations9 3.2 Facts10 4.0 Decision 1.3 Introduction We will write a custom essay on The Unethical Business Practices Of Shell Commerce specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now As globalisation increases many organisations indulge in unethical patterns to accomplish growing and net income maximization. Consequently, the illustrations of such companies include LOreal, Nike, Wal-Mart, Shell etc. Shell, is a planetary group of energy and petrochemical companies. They have their central offices situated in Hague, the Netherlands.A The parent company of the Shell group is Royal Dutch Shell plc, which is incorporated in England and Wales. Shell s operated in more than 90 states and has an approximate of 93000 employees. Their production chiefly consists of 40 eight per centum of natural gas and around 3.3million barrels of gas and oil is produced per twenty-four hours. Shell has established forty three service Stationss worldwide. Harmonizing to a study conducted in 2010, they ve sold an estimated 145 billion liters of fuel. The Company has two chief watercourses, upstream which explores for and infusions crude oil and natural gas and Downstream which refines s upplies, trades and ships crude worldwide, industries and markets a scope of merchandises, and produces petrochemicals for industrial clients. Harmonizing to their fiscal study of 2010, with the capital invested of $ 30.6 billion and $ 1 billion in Investment in research and development, they had an income of $ 20.5billion with gross of $ 368.1 billion ( Shell, 2010 ) . 1.4 Historical Background Shell was born during yearss of the oil roar and started out in the shadow of John D. Rockefeller s Standard oil monopoly. Royal Dutch/Shell was the consequence of a amalgamation in 1907 between the British-based Shell Transport and Trading Company, which pioneered the usage of seagoing oil oilers and the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company, which made its fortune developing new oil Fieldss in Borneo and Sumatra. Marcus Samuel was an enterprising chap who decided to recognize ships returning to England from India, Japan, Africa, and the Middle East and offer to purchase any bangles and funny that crewmans had collected abroad. In the 1890s, the Gallic Rothchild household decided to travel into concern working the oil Fieldss opening up in Baku in Russia. Necessitating a spouse to assist them transport and sell the oil, they turned to Marcus Samuel the younger. After a brief trip to the Caucasus, Marcus Samuel decided that the lone manner to take on the close monopoly clasp that Standard Oi l held was to radically cut down oil transit costs. During that clip kerosine was transported in crates of Sn containers. Loading the fuel into these comparatively little containers, crating them, and lading them onto ship as clip consuming, expensive and inefficient, Samuel argued. It would be much preferred to merely shriek the oil into a oiler ship. In 1907, Sir Marcus Samuel and Henri Deterding merged the Shell Transport and Trading Company with the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company to make Royal Dutch/Shell. The company is owned 40 per centum by the Shell Transport and Trading Company and 60 per centum by the Royal Dutch Petroleum ( History of Business, 2010 ) . In the 1980s, Shell sought to turn through acquisition. It bought out the staying 30 % shareholding in Shell Oil in 1985 to consolidate its American operations. The 1980s saw the development of offshore geographic expedition undertakings, which were in much more ambitious conditions than had antecedently been attempted.A The 1990s Shell saw the engineering of biomass fuels and Gas to Liquids do elephantine springs forward.A Shell was criticized over the Brent Spar episode in 1995, which centered on its programs to dispose of the storage platform. The Group learned that public sentiment had become much more sensitive to environmental issues. In the following decennary, the Group worked much harder to open a duologue with interested parties sing its environmental impact and to develop good dealingss with the communities affected by its work. Another job to hit the Group arose from its presence in the Nigerian part of Ogoniland. The tribal minority in the Ogoni were aggrieved with the Nigerian authorities because they felt denied a proper portion of federal grosss from the oil, and what they saw as other cardinal human rights. Their title-holder was the author Ken Saro-Wiwa. The oil companies were targeted as confederates with the corrupt authorities. Shell was accused of environmental spoil. The narrative achieved international ill fame when Saro-Wiwa and eight of his co-workers were sentenced to decease by hanging for their activities. Shell has since strived to follow a policy of showing its community of involvements and mutual good feeling with both the authoritiess and the local publics it deals with. The 1990s were noteworthy for Shell for the development of the LNG gas concern. Improved transit and lifting demand made this country of the Group s activities progressively of import and are expected to go on to make so in the first decennaries of the 21st century ( Shell, 2010 ) . .u02d0618900a30c9f9affe572836d15e8 , .u02d0618900a30c9f9affe572836d15e8 .postImageUrl , .u02d0618900a30c9f9affe572836d15e8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u02d0618900a30c9f9affe572836d15e8 , .u02d0618900a30c9f9affe572836d15e8:hover , .u02d0618900a30c9f9affe572836d15e8:visited , .u02d0618900a30c9f9affe572836d15e8:active { border:0!important; } .u02d0618900a30c9f9affe572836d15e8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u02d0618900a30c9f9affe572836d15e8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u02d0618900a30c9f9affe572836d15e8:active , .u02d0618900a30c9f9affe572836d15e8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u02d0618900a30c9f9affe572836d15e8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u02d0618900a30c9f9affe572836d15e8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u02d0618900a30c9f9affe572836d15e8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u02d0618900a30c9f9affe572836d15e8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u02d0618900a30c9f9affe572836d15e8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u02d0618900a30c9f9affe572836d15e8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u02d0618900a30c9f9affe572836d15e8 .u02d0618900a30c9f9affe572836d15e8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u02d0618900a30c9f9affe572836d15e8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Making Personal Decisions Essay1.5 Report Preview This study examines assorted unethical patterns of Shell. First, it investigates upon the historical background of Shell. Furthermore, we have related Shell s immoral issues to the ethical theories. Along with these rules we besides suggest some recommendations which could be moderately indispensable for Shell to run in a better and efficient mode. Finally, the study concludes with importance on moralss, corporate societal duty and with our suggestion on its unethical action. 2.0 Shells Unethical patterns: In 2010, Shell was accused of graft pattern with Nigerian functionaries in order to derive net income. Shell bribed Nigerian functionaries to do it easier for them to import goods and equipment, acquire lower revenue enhancements and avoid the imposts. Shell said that it paid 2 million U.S Dollars to its Nigerian Workers in its deep H2O Bonga Project. Shell really knew that portion of the money will travel to Nigerian functionaries whom will do shell avoid the imposts procedure. This will give shell an obvious competitory advantage in the market. Shell really gained $ 14million net income from this graft of the Bonga undertaking. Shell will pay $ 48.1 million dollars in order to settle investigations by the U.S Justice Department and Securities and Exchange Commission. In January 2004, deceitful exaggeration of proved hydrocarbon militias by Shell in Form F20 returns filed with the U.S. Securities A ; Exchange Commission ( John Donovan,2007 ) . Shell has given misdirecting and incorrect statements about its militias. It paid a $ 120 million mulct for this claims colony. One of the celebrated unethical patterns by Shell was doing the high degrees of pollution in Nigeria.40 % of shells oil spills worldwide was in Nigeria. The oil spill besides caused H2O taint. It caused oil pollution in the Ogoniland part for the past 40 old ages or so. The grapevines were built in forepart of the people s houses and in their farming areas. They suffered oil leaks through the grapevines. This has wholly destroyed the environment over at that place. It killed the aquatic life ; killing many fishes. Besides enveloped the land with oil. This has been truly lay waste toing for the Ogoni people, economically and healthy, since their economic system depends chiefly on fishing and agriculture. Peoples suffered respiratory diseases such as bronchial asthma ; and malignant neoplastic disease. Lots of flora is deceasing, particularly Mangrove swamps, due to wastes of oil in the Niger River. The ground Shell has been successful in making these unethical patterns in Nigeria is b ecause they used to corrupt the Nigerian functionaries often to ease the procedure. Royal Dutch Shell Blames oil spills on sabotage to its equipment ( Chima Williams,2009 ) . This explains how ill-mannered and unethically they take duty for their atrocious actions. Harmonizing to the Covalence ethical ranking in 2008, saw Shell in the 510 place out of 541 transnational companies. Covalence s ethical citation system is a repute index based on quantifying qualitative informations and It is a barometer of how multinationals are perceived in the ethical field ( John Donovan 2009 ) . The covalency ethical ranking is based on of import issues such as Human rights policy, Waste Management, Labor criterions and merchandise societal public-service corporation. A research done by Management and Excellence in 2005 sees Shell as the figure 1 most ethical oil company in the universe. But by the terminal of 2011, Shell s place is expected to deteriorate much due to the graft dirt it suffered for the last few months. 2.1 Conoco Phillips: Conoco Phillips is a Non-government owned American oil and Gas Corporation. It s the 3rd largest of the oil big leagues worldwide. It works in all different facets in oil and natural gas industry such as Midstream, Petrochemicals, and Refining and Marketing. The company was formed as a consequence of a amalgamation between Conoco and Philips in 2002. Its major rivals are Shell, British Petroleum and Exxon Mobil. Conoco Philips is one of the few Oil companies that suffer unethical issues. Harmonizing to Conoco Philips, Our mission is to make more than to present energy . It has a long term committedness to accomplish the top ethical criterions and make a civilization that encourages honestness and duty in everything they do. Conoco Philips values the importance of corporate transparence and moralss as they are a major thrust for consumers and stakeholders assurance. A cogent evidence of ConocoPhillips s environmental concern is that it spent $ 80 million dollars to develop new engi neerings for unconventional and alternate energy beginnings. ConocoPhillips is a member of the U.S Climate Action Partnership, which is a group of concerns, major corporations and environmental organisation with a end to coerce the U.S Government to cut down the nursery gas emanations. ConocoPhillips spent around $ 150 million dollars 2007 on research and development of alternate energy beginnings and new technologies- which is about a 50 % addition compared to the $ 80 million dollar spent in 2006. 2.2 Shell vs. ConocoPhillips Shell is the second biggest company in the universe in footings of gross, which makes it more profitable than ConocoPhillips ( 16th ) . Actually, after the recent graft issues about Shell, its place will finally drop in the following few old ages. They will endure from employee turnover, loss of company repute and tonss of other disadvantages which will non enable them to be more profitable like earlier. Whilst for ConocoPhillips, it s really predictable that this company will acquire closer to Shell in footings of gross and why non excel it, due to its ethical patterns! That s why Shell should hold good ethical policies like that of ConocoPhillips and really accommodate this policy and non go against it. .u2f57f19b65fbd7c871fa0996120e3da2 , .u2f57f19b65fbd7c871fa0996120e3da2 .postImageUrl , .u2f57f19b65fbd7c871fa0996120e3da2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2f57f19b65fbd7c871fa0996120e3da2 , .u2f57f19b65fbd7c871fa0996120e3da2:hover , .u2f57f19b65fbd7c871fa0996120e3da2:visited , .u2f57f19b65fbd7c871fa0996120e3da2:active { border:0!important; } .u2f57f19b65fbd7c871fa0996120e3da2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2f57f19b65fbd7c871fa0996120e3da2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2f57f19b65fbd7c871fa0996120e3da2:active , .u2f57f19b65fbd7c871fa0996120e3da2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2f57f19b65fbd7c871fa0996120e3da2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2f57f19b65fbd7c871fa0996120e3da2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2f57f19b65fbd7c871fa0996120e3da2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2f57f19b65fbd7c871fa0996120e3da2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2f57f19b65fbd7c871fa0996120e3da2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2f57f19b65fbd7c871fa0996120e3da2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2f57f19b65fbd7c871fa0996120e3da2 .u2f57f19b65fbd7c871fa0996120e3da2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2f57f19b65fbd7c871fa0996120e3da2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Government Censorship Essay3.0 Recommendations and Facts: 3.1 Recommendations First of all if Shell wants to acquire back its repute after the Nigeria graft incident, they have to alter their vision, non the written vision statement, in fact they have to alter their penetration toward the concern they are making and seek to alter their patterns in a manner that aid and fulfill people alternatively of aching them. They should maintain in head that concern is non about deriving net income from whatever manner, instead it is about deriving net income from supplying services in a manner that satisfies clients and if they act ethically finally they will derive adequate net income as they have satisfied people behind their dorsum who support the company ( Tempo, 2005 ) . Shell should be considered guilty in this instance and be fined for their unethical concern pattern. Furthermore, Nigerian authorities should be accountable and responsible for their action as good. The sum of all right that normally determined by tribunals should be either used for research intents or as fiscal assistance to assist people around the Earth. If they do so, Shell will coerce to make something that they escaped from and seek to better their instruments and installations by making research and development alternatively of seeking to derive net income without believing about safety and effects of their action on stakeholders ( Tempo, 2005 ) . More rigorous regulations and ordinances sing the graft issue and control of authoritiess over their companies can take to expiration of graft in long term. If Shell maintains a rigorous No Bribe policy, in long term payoff takers wo nt inquire for it any longer. Then even if they fail in their concern they wo nt fault themselves for paying payoffs and they will cognize that there was something incorrect with their installations and services. 3.2 Facts The chief ground that shell wanted to corrupt Nigerian authorities was that they wanted to pay less revenue enhancements and easier import of their needful equipment, which finally leads to higher net income. Therefore they merely looked for net income and to make that, they choose graft as an unethical pattern. They should nt make that because even if we do nt see graft as an unethical pattern it was illegal and against jurisprudence in Nigeria, nevertheless we know that graft is an unethical pattern so. The following thing is that graft encourages corruptness, and this action hurts the hapless the most as they have to pay for something which is free and they get into problem for paying the sum, because they can non afford it. When a big company like Shell patterns, in this instance graft, which is rebelliously unethical, this act will distribute to the whole society and impact the society in big ( Tempo, 2005 ) . Furthermore when you start paying payoff for the first clip it leads to demand for more payoffs and work as a sort of enticement. So it is better neer get down it. Aid bureaus seeking to supply free services for those who need aid and it is non morally accepted and expected from functionaries to seek to do money from those services that supposed to be free. We believe and agree that Shell did something which is morally incorrect and ethical individual wo nt recommend it, but there is a positive point in shells instance. Shell accepted that they did and unethical and incorrect action and admitted their error, they besides agreed to pay $ 48m in condemnable and civil mulcts. However shell had to acknowledge their error but still we can see it as a positive motion from shell and we can trust that Shell seek to be an ethical company from now onwards, halt their unethical concern patterns and seek to derive net income while following ethical concern patterns ( Temp,2005 ) . 4.0 Decision In decision, we all agree that graft is an unethical concern pattern and it is non expected from big company such as Shell to pattern such actions. It is non merely the instance that Shell paid payoff, the most of import thing is that such actions, finally leads to corruptness of society which all of us believe to be destructive. Shell can follow Conoco Phillips and invest in research and development and attempt to better its installations, and by making this they might gain less net income in the short term but they can be proud of themselves by being an ethical company and deriving more net income than their rivals in the long term as they will hold new engineerings and installations in future because they invest in research and development today. Shell Should be accountable for what they did and be responsible for their unethical behaviour and seek to halt such Acts of the Apostless in future if they want to construct their repute once more as people and stakeholders wo nt swear S hell every bit long as they continue being unethical. However if Shell truly wants to be changed and acquire back its repute they can make it by clear uping their vision among themselves and move ethically.

7 Surprisingly Ghostwritten Books

7 Surprisingly Ghostwritten Books 7 Books You Never Knew Were Ghostwritten Ghostwriters. You might read ‘em, but you don’t see ‘em - and you often don’t even know that they’re right there.So just who are these shadowy figures lurking beyond our reach? Sure, we know that they’re authors who are paid to write under someone else’s name. But that’s often not enough to satisfy our curiosities. In this post, we're pulling back the curtain to take a closer look at seven surprising ghostwritten books. Pop quiz: who ghostwrote The Babysitter's Club? Find out the answer (and more) in this post! 1. Peter Lerangis - The Babysitter’s ClubWhat is Ghostwriting? All Your Questions Answered Read post Transparency Meter: 👠»Ã°Å¸â€˜ »Ã°Å¸â€˜ »Ã°Å¸â€˜ » Fully transparent. Peter Lerangis is known by name in the The Babysitter’s Club fandom, who hold polls over his writing for the series to this day.2. H.P. Lovecraft - Harry HoudiniSure, Harry Houdini could catch a bullet with his teeth and escape a water torture cell in two minutes. But could he write? Well†¦ not really. That’s how another master of his craft, H.P. Lovecraft, ended up becoming Houdini’s ghostwriter in 1924. Specifically, Lovecraft was commissioned to write a short story titled â€Å"Imprisoned with the Pharaohs†: a fictionalized tale in which Houdini is blindfolded by a tour guide in Egypt, pitched into a burial shaft in the desert, and accosted by a five-headed monster that’s as big as a â€Å"good-sized hippopotamus.†The story was published (appropriately) in a magazine called Weird Tales. Here’s a fun fact: â€Å"Imprisoned with the Pharaohs† is n ow in the public domain and you can read it right over here.Transparency Meter: 👠»Ã°Å¸â€˜ » Partly transparent. Though Lovecraft was never unveiled as the ghostwriter while Houdini was alive, it’s common knowledge now that he wrote Imprisoned with the Pharaohs.3. K.A. Applegate - AnimorphsOut of all the alarming creatures the Animorphs faced (and there were many), ghosts were not one of them. But that’s because ghostwriters and the Animorphs were on the same side all along. While K.A. Applegate did write the first 24 books of this popular YA series, she ended up only outlining most of the next 27 books in the series. A group of ghostwriters did the actual writing for those books.As the AV Club points out, Applegate is one of the only authors to publicly acknowledge and discuss the ghostwriting that went into the series. In that 2011 Reddit AMA (Ask Me Anything), she admitted that she’s one to â€Å"get† ghostwriters: she once ghostwrote for Sweet Valley High herself back in the day.Transparency Meter: 👠»Ã°Å¸â€˜ »Ã°Å¸â€˜ »Ã°Å¸â€˜ » Fully transparent. Applegate has been entirely upfront about her use of ghostwriters - and the ghostwriter is acknowledged on the boilerplate page. What are 7 of the most famous ghostwritten books in history? 4. Robert Ludlum - Jason BourneLet it be known that only two entities in the world don’t fear death: Neil deGrasse Tyson and ghostwriters. Take the curious case of Robert Ludlum, for instance. He died in 2001 - but kept churning out bestselling Jason Bourne books until 2017. Contrary to popular belief, that’s not due to Ludlum’s spirit dictating from above, but rather Eric Van Lustbader ghosting on the ground.As for Ludlum’s other unfinished works, they’re also being published and circulated - though no-one knows exactly who those ghostwriters behind them are. All it says on the copyright page is a simple statement: Since his death, the Estate of Robert Ludlum has worked with a carefully selected author and editor to prepare and edit this work for publication. Can we get a â€Å"Boo†?Transparency Meter: 👠»Ã°Å¸â€˜ » Partly transparent. Some (but not all) of Ludlum’s works have been publicly ghosted.5. Alexandre Dumas - The Co unt of Monte CristoAlexandre Dumas: the infamous French nobleman, romantic paramour, one of the most popular novelists of the nineteenth century, and... fraud? Well, not exactly. But there’s a ghost of a chance that the man who gave us The Count of Monte Cristo and The Three Musketeers definitely didn’t do it alone. In fact, Dumas wrote them with Auguste Maquet, a quiet man who remained uncredited on most of them.After a dispute over bylines and money, Dumas and Maquet went their separate ways - Maquet dying in obscurity 37 years afterward. Dumas got the fame, but it’s on Maquet’s tombstone in Paris' Pà ¨re-Lachaise cemetery that these words are etched: The Three Musketeers, the Count of Monte Cristo, and La Reine Margot.Transparency Meter: 👠» Not transparent. Even now, Maquet isn’t known for the books that he wrote with Alexandre Dumas.6. R.L. Stine - GoosebumpsAs is befitting of any proper Goosebumps book, there’s plenty of myste ry surrounding R.L. Stine and the ghostwriters that might or might not exist. Stine denies using ghosts for any of the 160 Goosebumps books that were published. That said, Scholastic claims that Stine quietly employed freelancers to write the bulk of the series, when Goosebumps really started to take off and the job became too much for one man.Whatever the truth might be, it is an undeniable fact that by 1993, two Goosebumps books were being published - per month. That’s a rate so good that you might even say that it’s†¦ eerie.Transparency Meter: 👠» Not transparent. To this day, no-one knows who Stine’s ghostwriters are... or if they even ever existed. Goosebumps (by R.L. Stine) was actually ghostwritten. True or false? 7. Alice Leonhardt - Nancy DrewIn this episode of â€Å"Whodunit?†, we’re asking, â€Å"Who wrote the famous Nancy Drew series?† The most obvious answer might be Carolyn Keene, of course - the author whose name is stamped upon the cover of every Nancy Drew book. Here’s the plot twist: Carolyn Keene is actually multiple ghostwriters. This is called â€Å"book packaging,† a practice in the publishing world where a number of ghostwriters are contracted to write books packaging in a series based on a â€Å"bible† of characters, voice, and setting.Alice Leonhardt was only one such ghostwriter for Nancy Drew. Though she’s since stopped ghostwriting, Nancy Drew continues to persist. Simon Schuster recently said that kids still send â€Å"Carolyn Keene† fan letters to this day.Transparency Meter: 👠»Ã°Å¸â€˜ » Partly transparent. Though Simon Schuster keep up the guise of â€Å"Carolyn Keene,† it’s generally known that it’s ghostwriters who continue to keep this 88-year old series alive.If you perused this list of ghostwritten books and found yourself envious of all these great ghostwriters that were readily at disposal, don’t worry. Find out how to hire a ghostwriter in ten steps or locate a qualified ghostwriter on our marketplace today. Also, take an in-depth look at what is ghostwriting. It might just lift your spirits.Have you read any of these ghostwritten books? Or have you had any luck finding a ghostwriter for yourself? Let us know your thoughts in the comments below!

Biography of Atlanta Mass Murderer Mark Orrin Barton

Biography of Atlanta Mass Murderer Mark Orrin Barton Known as being one the largest mass murderers in Atlantas history, day-trader Mark Barton, 44, went on a killing spree on July 29, 1999, at two Atlanta-based trading firms: All-Tech Investment Group and Momentum Securities. Upset over seven weeks of big losses in day trading, which had brought him to financial ruin, Bartons killing spree resulted in 12 people killed and 13 injured at the two companies. After a daylong manhunt and surrounded by police, Barton committed suicide by shooting himself at an Acworth, Georgia, gas station when his capture became imminent. The Killing Spree At around 2:30 p.m. on July 29, 1999, Barton entered Momentum Securities. He was a familiar face around there and just like any other day, he began chatting with the other day traders about the stock market. Dow Jones was showing a dramatic drop of about 200 points adding to a week of disappointing numbers. Smiling, Barton turned to the group and said, Its a bad trading day, and its about to get worse. He then took out two handguns, a 9mm Glock and a .45 caliber Colt, and began firing. He fatally shot four people and injured several others. He then went across the street to All-Tec and began shooting, leaving five dead. According to reports, Barton had lost an estimated $105,000 in about seven weeks. More Murders After the shooting, investigators went to Bartons home and discovered the bodies of his second wife, Leigh Ann Vandiver Barton, and Bartons two children, Matthew David Barton, 12, and Mychelle Elizabeth Barton, 10. According to one of the four letters left by Barton, Leigh Ann was murdered the night of July 27, and the children were murdered on July 28, the night before the shooting spree at the trading firms. In one of the letters, he wrote that he did not want his children to suffer without having a mother or father and that his son was already showing signs of the fears that he had suffered with throughout his life. Barton also wrote that he killed Leigh Ann because she was partly to blame for his demise. He then went on to describe the method he used to kill his family. There was little pain. All of them were dead in less than five minutes. I hit them with the hammer in their sleep and then put them face-down in the bathtub to make sure they did not wake up in pain, to make sure they were dead. The body of his wife was found under a blanket in a closet and the childrens bodies were found in their bed. Prime Suspect in Another Murder As the investigation into Barton continued, it was revealed that he had been the prime suspect in the 1993 murders of his first wife and her mother. Debra Spivey Barton, 36, and her mother, Eloise, 59, both of Lithia Springs, Georgia, went camping on Labor Day weekend. Their bodies were found inside their camper van. They had been bludgeoned to death with a sharp object. There was no sign of forced entry and although some jewelry was missing, other valuables and money had been left behind, leading investigators to put Barton on top of the list of suspects. A Lifetime of Trouble Mark Barton seemed to make bad decisions most of his life. In high school, he showed great academic potential in math and science, but started using drugs and ended up in hospitals and rehabilitation centers after overdosing several times. Despite his drug background, he got into Clemson University and, in his first year, he was arrested and charged with burglary. He was placed on probation, but that did not deter his drug use and he ended up leaving Clemson after suffering a breakdown. Barton then managed to get into the University of South Carolina, where he earned a degree in chemistry in 1979. His life seemed to level out some after college, although his drug use continued. He married Debra Spivey and in 1998 their first child, Matthew, was born. Bartons next brush with the law happened in Arkansas, where the family had relocated to due to his employment. There he began to show signs of severe paranoia and often accused Debra of infidelity. As time went on, he became increasingly controlling over Debras activities and exhibited strange behavior at work. In 1990 he was fired. Furious by the firing, Barton retaliated by breaking into the company and downloading sensitive files and secret chemical formulas. He was arrested and charged with felony burglary but got out of it after agreeing to a settlement with the company. The family moved back to Georgia where Barton got a new job in sales at a chemical company. His relationship with Debra continued to deteriorate and he began having an affair with Leigh Ann (later to become his second wife), who he had met through his work. In 1991, Mychelle was born. Despite the birth of a new child, Barton continued seeing Leigh Ann. The affair was no secret to Debra, who, for unknown reasons, decided not to confront Barton. Eighteen months later, Debra and her mother were found dead. Murder Investigation From the start, Barton was the prime suspect in the murders of his wife and mother-in-law. The police learned of his affair with Leigh Ann and that he had taken out a $600,000 life insurance policy on Debra. However, Leigh Ann told the police that Barton was with her over Labor Day weekend, which left investigators without evidence and a lot of speculation. Unable to charge Barton with the murders, the case was left unsolved, but the investigation was never closed. Due to the murders being unsolved, the insurance company refused to pay Barton, but later lost a lawsuit Barton filed and he ended up getting the $600,000. New Beginnings, Old Habits It was not long after the murders that Leigh Ann and Barton moved in together and in 1995 the couple married. However, just like what happened with Debra, Barton soon began showing signs of paranoia and distrust towards Leigh Ann. He also began losing money as a day-trader, big money. The financial pressures and Bartons paranoia took a toll on the marriage and Leigh Ann, along with the two children, left and moved into an apartment. Later the two reconciled and Barton rejoined the family. Within months of the reconciliation, Leigh Ann and the children would be dead. Warning Signs From interviews with those who knew Barton, there were no obvious signs that he was going to flip out, murder his family, and go on a shooting spree. However, he had earned the nickname Rocket at work because of his explosive behavior while day trading. This type of behavior was not all that unusual among this group of traders. It is a fast, high-risk game, where gains and losses can happen quickly. Barton did not talk much about his personal life with his fellow day traders, but many of them were aware of his financial loses. All-Tech had stopped allowing him to trade until he put money in his account to cover his losses. Unable to come up with the money, he turned to other day-traders for loans. But still, none of them had any idea that Barton was harboring resentment and about to explode. Witnesses later told police that Barton seemed to purposely seek out and shoot some of the people who had loaned him money. In one of the four letters he left in his home, he wrote about hating this life and having no hope and being terrified each time he woke up. He said that he did not expect to live much longer, just long enough to kill as many of the people that greedily sought my destruction. He also denied killing his first wife and her mother, although he admitted that there were similarities between how they were killed and how he killed his current wife and children. He ended the letter with, You should kill me if you can. As it turned out, he took care of that himself, but not before ending the lives of many others.

Understanding How God Calls Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Understanding How God Calls - Essay Example As such, God uses His word to communicate with humans. Upon reading the scripture, individuals gain insight of their purpose in the world. The Word gives meaning to life and an understanding of how God wants humanity to live. In Proverbs 6:22, humanity is assured that the Word of God shall talk to them when they awaken. As such, God uses the scripture to call on His people. Spiritual People God uses spiritual people to call. In the past, the prophets were believed to be used by God to communicate with people. They were regarded highly and people respected them. In the modern world, people seek inspiration from spiritual people. In addition, the spiritual people offer counsel on how to live life according to God’s will. In 1 Corinthians 2:13, Paul assures humanity that they speak word taught to them by the Spirit to explain spiritual realities. It is important to acknowledge God’s call through spiritual people as a means of communication to humanity.Creating Needs for Hu manityIn Ecclesiastes 3:1-15, Solomon writes about how everything in the world has its time. This can be interpreted as a means used by God to call on his people. Different events are attributable to God’s manner to communicate. As such, He creates different needs as a means to call. For instance, in times of laughter, God calls on His people to give thanks. However, in times of crying, He calls on His people to seek help from Him. Everyday humanity undergoes different needs that call for God’s intervention.

Abraham Lincoln and the Civil War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Abraham Lincoln and the Civil War - Essay Example This has been an argument for the root cause of the Civil War by many. However, high taxes alone were not enough of a catalyst to start a war. Others maintain that the reason was states right, the right for states to own slaves. Free labor drove the Southern economy. Without slavery the white privileged would go broke or worse, have to work themselves. Besides; what to do with all the freed blacks? Southerners were not ready to have blacks as neighbors and were frightened of retribution. Poverty and fear are reasons to start a war. Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation is remembered by history as an altruistic humanitarian effort but it was more a brilliant tactical move. History did get the importance aspect right, the slaves were freed, the union preserved and Lincoln the architect of it all during the most tumultuous time in American history. It was about slavery. Southern states thought of Lincoln as â€Å"an obscure and illiterate man† whose â€Å"opinions a nd purposes are hostile to slavery.† (Ball, 2010). As each state formerly left the Union it cited slavery as the main reason for secession. Hard-line secessionists were rightfully convinced that Lincoln’s election would result in the freeing of slaves. Known as ‘Fire-eaters,’ they used shame and fear to convince wavering Southerners of their stance, that slave-owning states had no choice but to form their own country. â€Å"Resistance or submission† was the fire-eaters rallying cry. Southerners were implored to defend their rights. Those who resisted were publicly humiliated, branded as cowards. Events such as John Brown’s Raid helped the fire-eaters to convince people to join their cause. Panicky white men joined vigilante groups which targeted Northern sympathizers and former slaves meaning, to them, any black person. (Barney, 2004). Prior to the start of the Civil War Kansas experienced the wrath of fire-eaters paramilitary terrorist groups when its citizens were deciding whether or not to become a slave state. They used intimidation as a tactic to get the desired results. In retribution for their reign of terror, John Brown led a group of men who killed five pro-slavery settlers then stole guns from the military at Harper’s Ferry so to continue the fight but were stopped prior to committing more killings. Coincidentally, Brown and his followers were captured by future commanding Confederate General Robert E. Lee who was leading a group of marines at the time. (KEDT, 1999). Unfortunately for Brown his actions ultimately led to his execution by hanging and generated greater support for the pro-slavery faction. Lincoln was an adamant believer in the idea of the U.S., in democracy and individual freedom. He wanted America to be the shining example for other nations to follow. He knew that if the country became divided it would be widely perceived that the grand experiment of democracy didn’t work, a travest y on a worldwide, historic scale. Lincoln insisted that â€Å"the unity of the nation must be maintained. If the nation breaks up, the democratic mission is dead.† (Coker, 2013). As late as 1860 Lincoln said that blacks were entitled to some rights but not to vote or hold office. He had strongly suggested blacks be sent to live elsewhere, ‘rounded up’ so to speak but with the War still very much anybody’s to win and enthusiasm waning, Lincoln needed a new strategy. He added a new element to the struggle by proclaiming all slaves free in 1862. It was now society against society in addition to army against army, a battle of conscience fought alongside a battle of weapons; the former Lincoln thought he was surer to win. He was never considered a military genius but demonstrated his

Biblical Worldview Essay Essay Example for Free

Biblical Worldview Essay Essay Introduction/Thesis The Bible’s New Testament book of Romans, chapters 1-8, provides a fundamental perspective and useful resource on how God desires to shape our worldview. A biblical worldview in a society that gravitates to a sinful nature can be a challenge. Paul, however, provides insight that may not encompass every theological truth, but provides the basis of establishing a biblical worldview. Specifically, these chapters provide the essence of how Christians should view the natural world, human identity, human relationships, and culture. The Natural World Paul’s description of a worldview of the natural world is supported in the Bible several times. The book of Genesis begins with God’s creation of the heavens and earth as described in Genesis 1:1. Romans 1:20 also supports God as the master creator by explaining, â€Å"For ever since the world was created, people have seen the earth and sky. Through everything God made, they can clearly see his invisible qualities—his eternal power and divine nature. So they have no excuse for not knowing God.† (NLT) But, because of man’s sinful nature, people turn away from Him and deny His power and divinity. In Romans 1:21-23 Paul states, â€Å"For although they knew God, they neither glorified him as God nor gave thanks to him, but their thinking became futile and their foolish hearts were darkened. Although they claimed to be wise, they became fools and exchanged the glory of the immortal God for images made to look like a mortal human being and birds and animals and reptiles.† (NIV) Despite the evidence of God’s existence, people turned away from Him, worshipped idols, and continued to relish in sin. Human Identity God created man in His image and put mankind over the rest of His creation. In fact, God has ranked man just a little lower than the angels and has anointed us with His glory and honor (Psalms 8:5). So, why is it we have an identity crisis? It is because of sin, we have fallen out of God’s grace. Romans 3:10 states, â€Å"There is no one righteous, not even one.† (NIV) It is through Adam’s sin that we are all now held in God’s contempt. God understands man is bound by his sinful nature. But, Paul describes our  opportunity for redemption in Romans Chapter 8:1-2, â€Å"Therefore, there is now no condemnation for those who are in Christ Jesus, because through Christ Jesus the law of the Spirit who gives life has set you free from the law of sin and death.† (NIV) â€Å"Although the ‘law of sin and death’ is more powerful than our moral will-power, the ‘law of the Spirit of life’ more powerful than the ‘law of sin and death’. It has the power to liberate us.† (DeLashmutt) Through Jesus Christ, we are able to reclaim our human identity as God’s children. Human Relationships Human relationships have been tainted with sin since Adam and Eve. God has provided other human relationships as a gift to us. It’s through these human interactions we demonstrate God’s love through us. Though human nature leans toward sin, especially in dealing with human relationships. Our refusal to acknowledge God will allow us to fulfill our own sinful hearts and desires. These selfish motivations lead us to fulfill the desires of our heart instead of the desires of God’s heart. In Romans 1:18-32, Paul provides a detailed description of the wickedness and immorality of the people. Sin is what separated us from God and a relationship with Him in the first place. God restored this, however, through our gift of salvation in Jesus Christ. Jesus’s life and human relationships, as described in throughout the Gospel, provide a perfect example of the biblical perspective on human relationships. Culture The biblical worldview on culture that Paul describes in Romans is a society that has systematically imploded. Romans 1:26-31 provides explicit detail on the Roman culture at that time. Sin was running rampant through the society. People knew God and they rejected Him anyway. This type of sinful nature and blatant rejection of God spread throughout the culture. (Romans 1:32) People were determined to live in defiance of God and by their own legalistic views of the law. Paul stated that those under the law were lawless because the people abused the law to provide selfish gains or as a means to stand in judgement of another, especially the Gentiles. God meant for the law to be good, but man manipulated it to his own advantage. On the contrary, obedience demonstrates humility. Paul states in Romans 5:19, † For just as through the disobedience of the one man the many were made sinners,  so also through the obedience of the one man the many will be made righteous.† (NIV) The philosophy in this scripture supports God’s desire for us to be the light in the world to shape our culture for His purpose and not our own. Paul maintains that the grace that we as Christians are under was achieved by one Man’s (Jesus’) righteous act (Rom. 5:18). (McCracken) Conclusion I believe that Paul’s epistle is just as relevant today and it was in his time. Paul’s thoughts and insight provide sound perspective for biblical worldviews for believers to mature in their faith. These biblical worldviews about our natural world, human identity, human relationship and culture are applicable to current believers because human nature has not changed. These messages are just as relevant to us today because there is still sin in the world that will not end until the Second Coming of Christ. In the meantime, we can use Romans 1-8 as a guide to align our biblical worldviews with God’s heart. Paul’s perspective on biblical worldviews, such as these, are just one of the many gems we can get from the Word. References DeLashmutt, G. Walking by the Spirit Part 1. Teaching Series from Romans. Retrieved on 5/1/15 from http://www.xenos.org/teachings/?teaching=527. McCracken, R. (April 20, 2014). The Difference Between Legalism and Obedience. Bible Study with Randy. Retrieved on May 2, 2015 from http://www.biblestudywithrandy.com/2014/04/know-difference-legalism-obedience-romans-5-8/.

J.B.Priestley’s play, An Inspector Calls Essay -- English Literature

By what means, and how successfully is suspense created and sustained in An Inspector Calls? An Inspector Calls Essay By what means, and how successfully is suspense created and sustained in ‘An Inspector Calls?’  · Show analytical and interpretative skills  · The effects of dramatic devices and structure  · Layers of meaning in language, ideas and themes  · The social and historical setting/context JB Priestley wrote ‘An Inspector Calls’ towards the end of World War 2. The play however, is set in 1912 at a wealthy, middle-class family home. The play is about a family celebrating an engagement, when an Inspector calls, and tells them of a young girl’s suicide. The play is always set in the family’s dining room, but it has precise stage directions, so each character must be sitting in a certain place. Suspense is used right through the play, usually at its peak at the end of an act. I think JB Priestley was trying to get a message across to us that we need to abolish the social class differences, and all be equal. The play is very good because you are always trying to find out who was responsible for the suicide, and you know that everybody fits in, but you don’t know when or how. As you find, or think you’ve found something out, the play takes a new dramatic turn, which definitely makes suspense the key factor. What makes the play even better is that the audience always knows a lot more than the characters do, and you are always wondering: â€Å"why haven’t they worked that out?† Suspense is very successfully created and sustained in ‘An Inspector Calls.’ When Act one begins, the mood is merry, and civilised in the dining room, at The Birlings’ house. The family are happy, excited and ... ...er this phone call means that yes everything was true, or no, it was a hoax. Then, it is used as a dramatic device again when it rings, and the local Inspector says he is coming round to question the Birlings about a young girl’s death. The play ends here. Now, we have found out the suspense is created and sustained very successfully in ‘An Inspector Calls’. With you always wondering whether the Inspector is real, and all the cliffhangers that are used, you are constantly left in suspense, even after the very unusual ending. You are wondering at the end whether this time it really is real, or is it another hoax? We will never know. Dramatic devices are a key element in this play, for example in Act 3; a telephone is the focal point. It can be little things like that. I hope this brings a good conclusion to a very good, interesting, even if strange play.

Going to College Essay

Decisions require a lot of thorough thinking before acting. An important time in my life was to make the big decision to go to college. Any important decision requires steps to ensure that everything is completed in the correct manner. I did not follow any sort of formal process. However, I did weigh the pros and cons first and exhaust all options before making my final decision. First, I checked into several different schools in the surrounding area to see which would be a better fit for me and also see which ones offered the degree that I was in search of. After thinking of going to class several nights a week, I decided to explore the online university options. Online classes are much more flexible and seemed to suit me much better. I started my own my own business, which made me extremely busy. With online classes, I knew that I would be able to do things on my schedule instead of someone else’s schedule. Attending online classes and campus once a week, was the best option I would have as a businessman. After a lot of research, I decided that the University of Phoenix best fit my needs and what I was looking for with my personal goals. Phoenix also offered the degree that I was looking to obtain. So, going to Phoenix was my final decision. I’ve been going to Phoenix for about two years. Since I have completed about 70% of my education, I’m close to obtaining my Bachelors degree in Business. As the reading states in Management: Leading and Collaborating in a Competitive World, the six stages in the decision making process are Identifying and diagnosing the problem, generating alternative solutions, evaluating alternatives, making choices, implementing the decision, and evaluating the decision. I identified the problem in my situation when I decided that I needed to go to school. The second step is generating alternative solutions, and the third step is evaluating the alternatives which I did by exploring my options and looking at online universities and brick and mortar schools as well. I then made the choice and implemented my decision. The only step that I did not do is evaluating the decision last. I evaluated the decision before I implemented it. I strongly recommend everyone to follow the decision making process. Following the process could definitely help to make healthy and intelligent decisions. Reference: Bateman, T. S., & Snell, S. A. (2011). Management: Leading & collaborating in a competitive world (9th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin.

Discussing Hamlet Essay

At various times, Shakespeare has been seen by critics as presenting Hamlet as a sensitive poet, unable to endure the cruel pressures of the world, a man driven by sexual desire for his mother, and a representative to a corrupt political regime. Which would be your interpretation and why? The character of Hamlet can simply be described as he who â€Å"embodies all that man represents in earth†- as ‘Toril Moi’ so eloquently points out. My interpretation, like Toril’s, is that simplicity is an element that lacks in tremendous proportions in Hamlet; he is a complex and three-dimensional character to an infinite extent. So much so, his complexity allows him to assume an ‘antic-disposition’ and also appear truly insane at the same time. It is evident that Shakespeare adopted the ‘Senecan’ classical revenge tragedy style of plot, which clearly sets out the characteristics of Hamlet: As the son of the dead king/father, it was obligatory to avenge his father’s death, however hindering this act is the hero’s hesitation, which one could describe as Hamlet’s cowardice. Eventually, Hamlet killing Claudius fulfils the revenge tragedy. Hamlet is therefore a revenge tragedy in plot, but not in central character. In my opinion, it is more intriguing to use the vengeance theme as a carrier to express the unimaginable depth of emotion contained in Hamlet. This emotion is caused by human experience of dealing with death, pursuing revenge, inaction, action, failure in love, and finally the oppressive affect on man (Hamlet) by a nation of corrupt power. Hamlet is a dexterous courtier and scholar, yet in times of extreme pressure he averts from his calm-courtier ways and behaves erratically, leading to fatal ends, such as the unnecessary killing of Polonius. The genuine despair of Hamlet limits his capacity for action and increases his self-abasement and self-disgust, constantly questioning the value and purpose of his life- hence being unable to endure the cruel pressures of the world. Hamlet thinks too precisely under the weight of thought, which as he says himself â€Å"makes cowards of us all†- This hesitation eventually leads to the downfall of Hamlet! I would define the ‘sensitivity’ in Hamlet as a deep philosophical nature wherein is contained a boundless range of emotion, which is depicted more so in the seven soliloquies in the play. We see Hamlet’s first soliloquy in act 1, scene 2, and expect to see a true sensitivity of Hamlet, as Shakespeare intended soliloquies to reveal a character’s true feelings, void of lies and deception. The opening lines of the soliloquy immediately introduce poetic antithesis: ‘O, that this too sullied flesh would melt, Thaw and resolve itself into a dew†. It is evident here that Hamlet is plagued with melancholy, wanting his ‘solid’ pain to dissolve, in other words he is suicidal. This suicidal behaviour implies that he is unable to endure the cruel pressures of the world, as he welcomes death to terminate all his problems. The reason he gives for not committing suicide is religious, that God condemned it in his sixth commandment, however he wishes that the â€Å"Everlasting had not fix’d His Canon ‘gainst self-slaughter! â€Å". Some critics say that he used religion here to serve as an excuse for avoiding the action of â€Å"self-slaughter†, however I believe in Hamlet’s belief and faith in religion, as he swears upon the language of the church, â€Å"Hic et Ubique† when promising his purpose to his father’s ghost, which I believe Hamlet would have taken very seriously. The bleak, grim words of the soliloquy, such as â€Å"stale†¦ Unprofitable† express of his depression and distaste of life. Hamlet in my opinion is also very unhappy with the state of Denmark, metaphorically representing it as an â€Å"unweeded garden†, that is a diseased and corrupted pit: â€Å"rank and gross†. After the internal insight of depression and woe in Hamlet, we see the reason behind his piteous state- that cannot be due to Claudius killing his father because he doesn’t yet know that! It is in equal measure the death of his beloved father, and the revulsion of Claudius’ and Gertrude’s hasty marriage into â€Å"incestuous sheets†. Hamlet absolutely abhors Claudius, describing him as a â€Å"bloat-king† and a â€Å"Satyr†- simply a beast in modern terms, which is in contrast to the vast admiration for his deceased father, the â€Å"Hyperion†- the beautiful sun God. The fact that Hamlet’s true father was a â€Å"hyperion†, that he was â€Å"so loving to my mother† and that â€Å"she would hang onto him† with great happiness, implies that Hamlet idealised his parents’ marriage. However, the betrayal of his mother to the ideal of marriage at an insincere instant, â€Å"unrighteous tears† at an â€Å"O most wicked speed†, badly bruised Hamlet’s opinion of women, degrading their honour and purity. The poet Hamlet uses personification to express his disgust to womankind in general: â€Å"Frailty thy name is woman! â€Å". This disgust in women is what I believe caused Hamlet’s bitter rejection for Ophelia, not because Hamlet is insensitive, but because his fragile sensitivity was taken advantage of and bruised. Hamlet later continues to express his disgust in women by using similes referring to women in a negative way to describe a bad situation: â€Å"Like a Whore unpacked†¦ â€Å"

Writing Dialogue In Accents and Dialect

Writing Dialogue In Accents and Dialect Writing Dialogue In Accents and Dialect Writing Dialogue In Accents and Dialect By Kate Evans Wen old man Rabbit say scoot, dey scooted, en wen ole Miss Rabbit say scat, dey scatted. Dey did dat. En dey kep der cloze clean, and day aint had no smut on der nose nudder. Uncle Remus A  Story About Little Rabbits, Joel Chandler Harris. We have a long literary tradition of writing dialogue in accents and dialect. Mark Twain comes to mind, as a master of the written idiom. Dialect instantly gives characters authenticity and offers insight into their attitudes, background, and education. An accent allows the reader to use their sense of hearing and gives text depth and flavor. On the other hand, using dialects and accents is often a distraction. When accented words are spelled phonetically, they can frustrate and slow the reader down. If accents are inaccurate or inauthentic, they can stereotype or even insult. With all of these risks, writing dialects has largely gone out of fashion. So what is a writer to do instead? The first step would be to describe patterns of speech in prose. For example, her honeyed accent melted off of her tongue, slowly, sweetly, and with the same elongated syllables that her mama used. Already, the character has an established geographical place and a hint of her history. From then on, the reader can hear and even visualize the honeyed accent. Another tactic is to reflect dialect with commonly spoken words in commonly spelled ways. A writer could insert gonna for going to. The reader registers these words easily but the speech pattern can also convey information about the characters. Finally, a writer can pay close attention to phrases and idioms that pertain to a characters geographic location or time in history. Phrases, such as shes dumber than a bucket of hair, bless her heart, places someone in the American South. The craic is mighty, puts someone in modern day Ireland. When carefully researched and used advantageously, simple colloquial phrases can carry as much weight as paragraphs of complicated written dialect. While we dont want to lose the art of conveying speech patterns through the written word, in todays world, there are more subtle ways to illustrate character traits. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:45 Synonyms for â€Å"Food†Homogeneous vs. HeterogeneousDouble Possessive

Inventors of the Spark Plug

Inventors of the Spark Plug Internal combustion engines need three things to run: spark, fuel, and compression. The spark comes from the spark plug.  Spark plugs consist of a metal threaded shell, a porcelain insulator, and a central electrode, which may contain a resistor. According to Britannica a spark plug or sparking plug is, a device that fits into the cylinder head of an internal-combustion engine and carries two electrodes separated by an air gap, across which current from a high-tension ignition system discharges, to form a spark for igniting the fuel. Edmond Berger Some historians have reported that Edmond Berger invented an early spark plug on February 2, 1839. However, Edmond Berger did not patent his invention. Spark plugs are used in  internal combustion engines  and in 1839 these engines were in the early days of experimentation. Therefore, Edmund Bergers spark plug, if it did exist, would have had to have been very experimental in nature as well or perhaps the date was a mistake. Jean Joseph Étienne Lenoir ​​ This Belgian engineer developed the first commercially successful internal combustion engine in 1858. He is credited for developing the spark ignition system, which is described in US Patent #345596. Oliver Lodge Oliver Lodge invented the electric spark ignition (the Lodge Igniter) for the  internal combustion engine. Two of his sons developed his ideas and founded the Lodge Plug Company. Oliver Lodge is better known for his pioneering work in radio and was the first man to transmit a message by wireless.   Albert Champion During the early 1900s, France was the dominant manufacturer of spark plugs. Frenchman, Albert Champion was a bicycle and motorcycle racer who immigrated to the United States in 1889 to race. As a sideline, Champion manufactured and sold spark plugs to support himself. In 1904, Champion moved to Flint, Michigan where he started the Champion Ignition Company for the manufacturing of spark plugs. He later lost control of his company and in 1908 started the AC Spark Plug Company with backing from Buick Motor Co. AC presumably stood for Albert Champion. His AC spark plugs were used in aviation, notably for the trans-Atlantic flights of Charles Lindbergh  and Amelia Earhart. They also were used in the Apollo rocket stages. You may think the current-day Champion company that produces spark plugs was named after Albert Champion, but it was not. It was a completely different company that produced decorative tile in the 1920s. Spark plugs use ceramics as insulators, and Champion started producing spark plugs in their ceramic kilns. Demand grew so they switched completely to producing spark plugs in 1933. By this time, the AC Spark Plug Company had been bought by GM Corp. GM Corp was not allowed to continue using the Champion name as the original investors in Champion Ignition Company set up Champion Spark Plug Company as competition. Years later, United Delco and the AC Spark Plug Division of General Motors combined to become AC-Delco. In this way, the Champion name lives on in two different spark plug brands.

Policy Proposal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Policy Proposal - Research Paper Example It shall discuss the oil supply issue and its impact on the American society and politics. It shall also describe specific solutions to this issue and how such solutions can contribute to the American economy in general. This paper is being conducted in order to establish a clear and comprehensive discussion on the subject matter. Discussion 1. What is the problem? According to the US Energy Information Administration (EIA), in 2010, the US consumed about 19 million barrels of petroleum products per day; such consumption makes the US consistently the largest petroleum consumer in the world. It was ranked third in terms of crude oil production; however, crude oil is not the sole source of US petroleum supplies (EIA). Much gain was seen with the increase in crude oil production because crude oil has been known to expand during the refining process. Liquid fuel has also been seen from natural gases, and other sources, including biofuels (EIA). These represent additional supplies in petr oleum products for the US. Still, in 2010, the US had to import about 11.8 million barrels per day of crude oil and other petroleum products, including gasoline, diesel fuel, heating oil, jet fuel, chemical feedstocks, asphalt, and similar products (EIA). Based on the EIA report, about half (49%) of the US oil imports come from the Western hemisphere and about 18% of these imports come from the Persian Gulf, specifically the countries of Bahrain, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Qatar. The largest source of crude oil and petroleum products are Canada, Nigeria, Venezuela, Mexico, and Saudi Arabia (EIA). The EIA also reports that since 2005, the US reliance on foreign sources of petroleum products have decreased. This decline is seemingly attributed to the economic crisis experienced by the US and the global community in general, as well as changes in consumer behavior, and increase in the use of domestic sources of oil like biofuels and natural gas plant liquids (EIA). In a discussion by Lefton and Weiss, they set forth that the increase in oil imports increased the gap between the US imports and exports. They pointed out that the US is allocating about $1 billion a day in its foreign oil investments; investments which could have been better spent on domestic sources. Moreover, burning oil has contributed to the exacerbation of global warming, representing more dire threats on our national security (Lefton and Weiss). Their analysis also sets forth that the US has relied on imported oil from countries which are on the State Department’s Travel Warning list, including Algeria, Chad, Colombia, Iraq, Nigeria, Pakistan, Syria, Saudi Arabia, among others (Lefton and Weiss). This is unfortunate because the country’s reliance on oil imports from these countries have serious implication on national security, economy, and environment (Lefton and Weiss). The US imports about 4 million barrels of oil per day from these unstable countries , incurring a cost of approximately $150 billion (Lefton and Weiss). Since the US is considered the highest consumer of oil, it contributes significantly to the worldwide overall demand for the product. In effect, its demand plays a major part on the oil prices in the market. This high demand makes the country vulnerable to the whims of oil-producing nations. Moreover, this high demand which impacts on oil process benefits oil-producing countries which do not sell oil to the US, as in the case of Iran which does not trade

NJ state police and blacks on the NJ turnpike Essay

NJ state police and blacks on the NJ turnpike - Essay Example There are at least two operative definitions of the practice knows as racial profiling: The first is what is termed as ‘hard profiling’, which puts an individuals race as the only consideration in the minds eye of the officer in making a preliminary assessment of suspicious criminality. When a police officer views a black person or other minority, and the officer does not have anything else to substantiate criminality, he pulls the black person over for a pat down on the hope that he may either Find a weapon or drugs in his possession. The second form is referred too as ‘soft racial profiling’, where the police officer uses race as one of the reasons, among others which have been previously detailed to him as stereotypical of drug dealers or couriers. The New Jersey State Troopers for example, have intelligence that Jamaican drug posses have a fondness for Nissan Pathfinders as their vehicles of choice when transporting marijuana along the Northeast Corridor. The controversy surrounds racial profiling on the New Jersey Turnpike as practiced by New Jersey State Troopers was focused almost exclusively on highway stops. Where the police were stopping a disproportionate share of black and other minority drivers for traffic violations, but the prevailing argument states that the stops were specifically carried out as a means of drug interdiction. Of course in many instances, the driver may have committed an infraction, but there might, and usually were others within the specific cluster in which he was traveling, who also committed a similar violation. But it was their lucky day for the others, because a minority was in the vicinity. 2 New Jersey State Police and Blacks on the New Jersey Turnpike We will take a look into a court case which led a Superior Court judge to conclude in 1996 that the New Jersey State Police had a policy of 'selective enforcement' by targeting blacks for investigation and arrest. Some of the finding were as follows; "The ruling followed one of the states longest evidentry hearings-six months of testimony and 200 exhibits, many of them statistical surveys of drivers and traffic stops on the southern most 26-mile stretch of the New Jersey Turnpike. Judge Robert Francis found that troopers looking for drug suspects had pulled over an inordinate number of black drivers over a three year period simply because of their race. The survey determined that some 98 per cent of all the drivers along the stretch of the turnpike were going over the speed limit of 55 miles per hour, giving the police latitude to stop virtually anybody. The survey found that while 13.5 per cent of the drivers on the stretch of the highway were black, 46 per cent of those halted by the police over a 40- month period were black" According to the public defender, Fred Last, who helped design the survey, said, "They were pulling over blacks out of proportion to the population of the turnpike" (Last). Judge Francis agreed, saying, "The statistical disparities are indeed stark", the judge added, "utter failure" of police commanders to monitor the arrests or investigate the many claims of institutional discrimination, manifests its indifference if not acceptance" (Francis) One striking result of the survey, which the judge noted, was that the troopers using 3 radar tended to stop black drivers at near their rate in the highway population, while the

Frye Art Museum in Seattle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Frye Art Museum in Seattle - Essay Example ..Through different approaches that include product pricing, promotion, marketing, and circulation, Lui seeks to investigate, understand and discuss value – particularly the complex characteristics of value in art – as well as the rules, mechanisms, and politics behind the creation of value.† (introduction to Liu Ding’s Store) It is in light of this intellectual context that Liu Ding’s presentation will have to be viewed. And this politico-economic context adds richness and meaning to what would otherwise be dull, unimpressive works. For example, a prominent painting in this exhibition is that of a huge python whose body is not yet fully painted. By showing only the head and tail of the giant snake, the painter is prompting the viewer’s imagination to fill in the space. This feature opens up the scope for interpretation as well. Moreover, this artistic angle underscores the role of synthetic imagination in the discourse on aesthetics. Coming t o the politico-economic angle, the exhibition shows how method, planning, schedule and intermediary stages supplement the production of works of art – a fact that is often shadowed by the beauty of the finished product. Another painting under the theme of ‘unfinished paintings’ is the Die Svende, which is an elaborately decorated frame enclosing nothing. Far from the conventional, Liu Ding’s exhibition can prove to be either thought provoking or disappointing, based on the taste, refinement and patience shown by the viewer. Ties That Bind: American Artists in Europe is another exhibition in the Frye Art Museum. This exhibition, though, is quite conventional, in that, it showcases portraits and landscapes representing classical styles that evolved in 18th and 19th century Europe. When the dust settled after the end of the Civil War in 1865, many American artists ventured across the Atlantic to learn, assimilate and master the flourishing artistic culture in Continental Europe. Europe at the time was witnessing a peaking of artistic, cultural and intellectual expression, and American artists sought the excitement and stimulus of such an atmosphere. The result is a whole era of artistic production that adapted European techniques and traditions to American talents. William Merritt Chase’ Portrait of a Lady against Pink Ground (ca.1886) is one of the paintings on display. According to Chase’ experience â€Å"each sitter presents some new phase of personality that one has never done before. There is constant variety; constant study in my work† (from accompanying note). Seen in this vein, the portrait in discussion captures the bohemian attitude in the pose and posture of the lady (Miss Virginia Gerson). John Singer Sargent’s Mrs. Frederick William Roller (dated 1895) is similar in theme adapting a mature style of portraiture that captures â€Å"the interior life of the sitter against the backdrops of finely ar ticulated spaces† (from the explanatory note accompanying the painting). The elderly lady Mrs. Roller, dressed in a black gown, standing in the backdrop of an architectural frame, makes quite an impression. The impact on the viewer is heightened by the skilful depiction of the curves of her dress and in the attention to detail given to the room setting. The fact that Mrs. Roller is shown with minimal jewelry and accessories is a testament

Flag State Jurisdiction On The High Seas International Law Essay

Flag State Jurisdiction On The High Seas International Law Essay This essay will focus on the internationally recognized right of hot pursuit and the rights and duties that lay upon the coastal states pursuing ships (pursuing aircrafts will not be included here). Since article 23 of the Geneva Convention on the High Seas (1958) has been revised into article 111 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the following text will therefore mainly refer to the latter convention. It is important to notice that both conventions reflect international customary law in this area. This gives the conditions that are set up in the conventions a wider significance, since not only the states that have adopted the conventions are bound by the right of hot pursuit stated there. The focus will be on the following questions: What is the nature of hot pursuit and what are the international legal conditions that have to be fulfilled in order to exercise it? What is the objective of the right of hot pursuit? To answer the latter question, the focal point will be on what function the hot pursuit actually fill since it at first sight could be seen as a way for the coastal state to extend their sovereignty and jurisdiction to include foreign ships on the high seas, something that in general is supposed to be reserved to the flag state. Hot pursuit is not the only exception to the flag state principle. As will be seen below, piracy, slave trade, unauthorized broadcasting and major pollution incidents are other examples of exceptions to the flag state principle, but, given the limited scope of this essay, there would not be much said about each exception if all of them were included in this essay. 1.2. Purpose and disposition The purpose of this essay is to clarify the international recognized conditions for a state to exercise the relatively extensive right of hot pursuit and to critically examine the objectives of this right. Since this is a rather far-reaching right, being a derogation from the general rule prohibiting any interference by a state with non-national ships on the high seas, it is important to examine the original objectives behind hot pursuit and what function it actually fills. Since this is a rather far-reaching right that is limiting the jurisdiction of the flag state on the high seas (and in a way therefore also affect the freedom of the high seas), The essay will have the following disposition: First, the freedom of the high seas will be described in short together with the principle of flag state jurisdiction (section 2), to give a sufficient background to the reader. Thereafter, the circumstances which serve as prerequisites for the exercise of hot pursuit will be examined. 2. Jurisdiction on the high seas 2.1. The freedom of the high seas an overview Ever since the eighteenth century the high seas  [1]  have been open to all states, with no state able to claim sovereignty over any part of it. This concept, called the freedom of the high seas, was developed as opposed to the closed seas-principle which was claimed by Portugal and Spain in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, leading to a division of the seas of the world between the two powers in 1506.  [2]  However, the high seas are nowadays subject to res communis and the general rule is that states cannot in principle control the activities and the whereabouts of other states on the high seas.  [3]  The freedom of the high seas has been traditionally established in customary international law but the first draft of codification was formulated in the Resolution on the Laws of Maritime Jurisdiction by the International Law Association in 1926, which declared that no state may claim any right of sovereignty over any portion of the high seas or place any obstacle to the free and full use of the high seas  [4]  . The principle of the freedom of the high seas was eventually also declared in the Geneva Convention on the High Seas (1958) as well as in the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (the first hereinafter referred to as GCHS and the latter as UNCLOS). These conventions clarified international customary law and made it easier to comprehend. Some articles in the conventions will be brought into light in the text below in order to give a clear and fuller view of the subjects presented. Some of the key-principles regarding the high seas are stated in article 2 GCHS and article 87 and 89 UNCLOS, which affirm that the high seas are open to all states and that no state may validly purport to subject any part of them to its sovereignty. Furthermore, article 87 UNCLOS states that the freedom of the high seas includes inter alia the freedoms of navigation, overflight, laying of submarine cables or pipelines, the construction of artificial islands and other installations permitted under international law, fishing and scientific research. However, these freedoms are to be exercised with due regard for the interests of other states and for the rights under the convention with respect to activities in the area (meaning the International Seabed Area  [5]  ). Worth noting is also that the high seas are reserved for peaceful purposes (article 88, UNCLOS). 2.2. Flag state jurisdiction Thus, the high seas have relatively far-reaching freedoms for all states, but there must however be some kind of maintenance of order and jurisdiction so that these freedoms do not get violated and used in a wrongful way by any state and so that wrongful acts on the high seas do not go unpunished. The main rule is that the state which has granted to a ship the right to sail under its flag (the flag state) has the exclusive right to exercise legislative and enforcement jurisdiction over its ships on the high seas.  [6]  It is accordingly the flag state that enforces the rules and regulations of its own municipal law as well as international law.  [7]   The general principle that the flag state alone may exercise jurisdictional rights over its ships was elaborated in the Lotus-case (1927) where the Permanent Court of International Justice held that vessels on the high seas are subject to no authority except that of the state whose flag they fly  [8]  .  [9]  The flag state-principle is nowadays also stipulated in article 92 UNCLOS (and article 6 GCHS), where it is stated that ships must sail under the flag of one state only and that they will, as a general rule, be subject to that states exclusive jurisdiction on the high seas. Each state sets up its conditions for the grant of its nationality to ships, for registration of ships and for the right to fly its flag. This was declared by the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea in the M/V Saiga (No.2) case, where one concluded that the determination of the criteria and procedures for granting and withdrawing nationality to ships are parts of the flag states exclusive ju risdiction.  [10]   The nationality of the ship depends accordingly upon the flag the ship flies, but there must be a genuine link between the state and the ship.  [11]  The requirement of a genuine link was intended to counter the use of flags of convenience (often operated by states such as Liberia and Panama) where states grant their nationality to ships looking for favorable taxation and work- and social agreements.  [12]  However, if a ship sails under the flags of more than one state according to convenience, the ship does not have any nationality in a juridical point of view and may therefore be boarded and seized on the high seas by any state. This is to be compared with ships that do have a flag, which (as a general rule) only can be boarded and seized by its own flag state on the high seas.  [13]   Worth mentioning is that there are also some duties and responsibilities attached to the flag state jurisdiction, such as the obligation to legislate to make it an offence to break or injure submarine cables and pipelines under the high seas. Furthermore, the flag state also has to provide for compensation in case such an offence occurs and to adopt and enforce legislation dealing with assistance to ships in distress in compliance with international duties regarding safety at sea.  [14]   When it comes to warships and ships owned or operated by a state where they are used only on governmental non-commercial service, the exclusivity of the flag state-principle is applicable without exception. As can be read in articles 95 and 96, UNCLOS, those ships have complete immunity from the jurisdiction of other states than its flag state.  [15]  Though, the principle of flag state jurisdiction on the high seas is not absolute. It is subject to some exceptions in which third states may share enforcement or legislative jurisdiction (or both) together with the flag state. In the following, the focus will be on the exception of hot pursuit, but some other exceptions worth mentioning are: piracy, unauthorized broadcasting, slave trade, drug trafficking and major pollution incidents.  [16]  The right of hot pursuit is however different from the other exceptions to the flag state principle, since the right of hot pursuit derives from jurisdiction under the territorial (+ EEZ a nd continental shelf?) principle whereas enforcement related to slave trade and piracy (for example) derives from jurisdiction based on the universality principle.  [17]   3. Hot pursuit an exception to flag state jurisdiction 3.1. Historical background and objective When a foreign ship has infringed the rules of a costal state, the right of hot pursuit makes it possible for the state to pursue and seize the ship outside its territorial sea in order to ensure that the ship does not escape punishment by fleeing to the high seas. This principle limits the freedom of the high seas and represents an exception to the exclusive jurisdiction of the flag state on the high seas, since it makes it possible for the coastal state to follow and seize a ship registered in another flag state and in this way extend its jurisdiction onto the high seas.  [18]   The right of hot pursuit is an act of necessity which is institutionalized and restricted by state practice. It emerged in its present form in Anglo-American practice in the first half of the nineteenth century.  [19]  In England there was an old rule of fresh pursuit where the role of the pursuer was played by a mere individual, unlike todays hot pursuit where the pursuer must be played by a person in his official capacity or by a member of a certain authority (see below).  [20]  The principle has now been recognized in international customary law for a long time. The Im alone-case, 1935, can lead as an example, where it was stated that warships or military aircrafts of a state are allowed to engage in hot pursuit if a foreign ship has violated that states laws within its internal waters or territorial sea and to make an arrest on the high seas.  [21]  The Hague Codification of 1930 served as an evidence of general recognition of the right of hot pursuit by states when i t provided the basis for the draft article adopted by the International Law Commission which later on became article 23 of the Geneva Convention on the High Seas of 1958.  [22]   The objective of the right of hot pursuit is to make it possible for states that are exposed to delicts made by non-national ships to bring the escaping offenders before its jurisdiction. In this way the high seas may not provide a safe haven for ships having committed a delict within a states maritime jurisdictional zones. Hot pursuit could be seen as contrary to the exclusive principle of flag state jurisdiction on the high seas, but seen in the light of the high seas, it is not reckless to conclude that the right of hot pursuit is in accord with the objective of order on the high seas.  [23]  Moreover, the right of hot pursuit has a preventive function derived from the psychological effect of the increased disciplinary rights that the violated coastal state is entitled to. The psychological effect is not to be underestimated since it could prevent wrongdoers to undertake illegal activity, knowing that they may be pursued, arrested and punished by the authorities of the state w hose laws have been violated.  [24]   Pursuit onto the high seas does not offend the territorial sovereignty of any state and it involves no intrusion into foreign territory since there is no sovereign to the high seas, except the state of the flag. To let the flag state principle stand in the way for effective administration of justice when a ship has committed a delict in another states juridical maritime zones has been seen as disproportionate, hence hot pursuit has become an international right for coastal states, regardless of the flag of the ship. Furthermore, the right of hot pursuit is a right of necessity since the coastal state would not be able to enforce its laws and regulations against fleeing ships without being able to pursue them.  [25]   3.2. Legal status As mentioned above (section 2.1.), the right of hot pursuit was codified and recognized by states in the Hague Codification in 1930, which led to the development of article 23 of the Geneva Convention on the High Seas (1958). The provisions on hot pursuit in article 23 GCHS was thereafter essentially reproduced in article 111 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982), comprising the new developments in the international law of the sea, such as the generated rights followed by the establishment of the new jurisdictional zones of the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone.  [26]  Since article 111 UNCLOS is a renewed definition of the right of hot pursuit, it is the definition stated in UNCLOS that is the most updated and will be in focus below. Article 111 UNCLOS has the title Right of hot pursuit and contains eight paragraphs, in comparison to article 23 GCHS which only has seven paragraphs. (See the appendix for the full and exact wording of article 111 UNCLOS). Article 111 declares the coastal states right to engage in hot pursuit and lays down a number of cumulative conditions under which this right may be exercised. These conditions have been set up in order to avoid abuse and incorrect exercise of hot pursuit by the coastal states, such as situations where the wrong ship is pursued by accident. The specific conditions are also of great importance when it comes to upholding the freedom of navigation on the high seas and to ensure that the coastal state have enough evidentiary material to support a hot pursuit before exercising it.  [27]   4. International conditions and the nature of hot pursuit 4.1. General conditions (ta bort?) The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea has emphasized that the conditions laid down in article 111 UNCLOS are cumulative, which means that each one of them has to be fulfilled in order for the hot pursuit to be lawful.  [28]  The basis for the exercise of hot pursuit is specified in paragraph 1 of article 111 UNCLOS which notes that such pursuit may be undertaken when the authorities of the coastal state have good reason to believe that the foreign ship has violated its laws and regulations. The violation must be made within one of the costal states maritime zones, such as its internal waters, archipelagic waters, territorial sea, exclusive economic zone or its continental shelf. Furthermore, the laws and regulations that were violated must have been enacted in accordance with international law.  [29]  Thus, article 111 UNCLOS makes it possible to pursue a foreign ship onto the high seas, but with respect of international law and the principle of state sovereignty, the pursuit must cease as soon as the ship enters the territorial sea of its own flag state or any other state. Otherwise, the pursuit would end up in a violation of another states sovereignty.  [30]   4.2. Involved vessels As can be seen in article 111 (5) UNCLOS, the coastal state may only exercise hot pursuit through the use of certain ships and aircraft having a connection to the governmental authority of the state. Warships and military aircrafts, together with other specially authorized government ships or aircrafts which are clearly marked and identifiable as such, are the only vessels that are required to exercise the pursuit.  [31]  This limitation to vessels vested with governmental authority ensures that the pursuing state cannot avoid its state responsibility for actions made by its pursuing ships acting on behalf of the coastal state. It is not the specific authority to pursue that is of importance; it is rather the general authority of applying laws and to take necessary measures in this regard. This guarantees the responsibility of a state for the actions made by its ships operating under the government. A states official connection to military aircrafts or warships needs not to be ma nifested since this connection is self-evident, thus, other pursuing vessels need to be specifically authorized by the state to exercise these measures.  [32]   Commercial ships in government service as well as private ships are subject to the jurisdiction of the coastal state and can be pursued if there is good reason to believe that a violation of the laws have been made. However, it is not in accordance with international law to exercise hot pursuit against other states warships. These, together with other non-commercial ships operating under a foreign government, are generally immune from the jurisdiction of any state other than the flag state. Although these ships are excepted from a coastal states right of hot pursuit, this does obviously not mean that they do not have to follow the laws and regulations of the coastal state. The only immunity warships enjoy is the immunity from enforcement jurisdiction of the coastal state, so the flag state might have to answer for the violation made by one of its governmental ships. Furthermore, the coastal state may pursue and arrest warships and non-commercial ships in foreign government service in self-defense.  [33]   4.3. Offences The right of hot pursuit arises whenever the offending ship has violated a law which has been validly enacted for the purpose of the zone where the offence has occurred  [34]  . In order to be entitled to hot pursuit, the coastal state has to have good reason to believe that the foreign ship has made such an offence, or as it is stated in article 111 (1) UNCLOS: violated the laws and regulations of that State  [35]  . The article states no predefined offences, so what kind of offences does this actually refer to? There is in fact no limit of how severe the delict must be in order to entitle the state to hot pursuit. The coastal state is entitled to undertake hot pursuit as soon as any local law or regulation has been violated, no matter how trivial. The wording in article 111 UNCLOS allows hot pursuit whenever a law has been violated, no matter what the character of the offence is.  [36]  There has been a view that the right of hot pursuit should arise only in respect of certain kinds of offences which could be considered as quasi-international offences (such as security offences), but the predominant view at the time of the Geneva Conference was that there should be no catalogue restricting the right of hot pursuit to offences of a certain character.  [37]   The seriousness of the offence should however be taken into account by the coastal state before starting a pursuit, so that the freedom of navigation is not hindered for minor offences.  [38]  This would otherwise result in a disproportionate exercise of power.  [39]  Furthermore, international comity and goodwill can be seen as important reasons why a coastal state should not exercise in response to trivial offences. Naturally, this principle of comity does not legally bind the coastal state to behave in a certain way, since it is not a principle under international law. In general, states are however anxious to submit to this principle of comity, since it is in their own best interest to show respect to other sovereign states. A state that does not act hospitably to other states and pursues their ships without good reason may be subject to the same abuse when its own merchant fleet navigates in other states territorial seas. Except taking comity into account, states decisio n to exercise hot pursuit is also based on the practical reality that states are not likely to find minor offenders worth the trouble of pursuit. Besides, ships guilty of trivial offences are unlikely to risk the dangers of flight in the hope of avoiding arrest for a minor delicts. Although such flight could indicate that the ship has been engaged in a delict that is much less trivial than the coastal state first suspected.  [40]   The nature of the offence entitling the state of hot pursuit is related to the competence to enact laws for the different maritime zones. In the territorial sea this competence is unlimited (except for the right of innocent passage), but regarding the contiguous zone or other zones of extraterritorial jurisdiction, the states competence to make acts offences is restricted since these are zones of limited jurisdiction. The right of hot pursuit arises when an offence has been made within one of these zones, but it is provided that the offence is made against laws which international law allows to be enacted for the purposes of that zone.  [41]   Article 111 (1) UNCLOS sets up the condition that a state must have good reason to believe that a ship has violated the states laws and regulations. This good reason standard prevents states from pursuing a foreign ship solely based on the suggestion that an offence has been made by it. However, this condition does not require that the coastal state has actual knowledge of an offence. The proper interpretation of this good reason condition lies somewhere between suspicion and actual knowledge of an offence. In regard to this, the mere flight of a vessel could be sufficient to justify hot pursuit, since it could give the state a suspicion that the ship is trying to flee from the consequences of an offence made by it. Even though the state originally lacked good reason to believe that the ship had made an offence, this suspicious behavior could be enough to live up to the good reason standard.  [42]   Offences that are not attributed to the foreign vessel itself do not lay ground for hot pursuit, for example when an offence is committed by a passenger. The coastal states jurisdiction is towards the ship only, the passengers and crew remain under the jurisdiction of the flag state as long as their actions are not attributable to the ship itself. Robert C. Reuland states that the delict must have been committed under the color of the ships authority  [43]  in order to give rise to hot pursuit. Finally, when it comes to offences, one can conclude that there are two main conditions that have to be fulfilled in order to give right to hot pursuit: first, the state must have good reason to believe that an offence has been committed and second, the offence must be attributable to the ship itself.  [44]   4.4. Commencement and cessation Article 111 (1) UNCLOS states from which maritime zones a state may commence hot pursuit under international law; namely when the foreign ship (or one of its boats) is within the pursuing states internal waters, archipelagic waters, territorial sea or contiguous zone.  [45]  It is only when the offence is committed within one of these zones that the coastal state may undertake hot pursuit. However, in comparison to article 23 GCHS, article 111 (2) UNCLOS is more extensive and stipulates that the right applies mutatis mutandis to violations of legislation applicable to the exclusive economic zone or the continental shelf (including safety zones around continental shelf installations).  [46]  The right to begin hot pursuit while the foreign ship is within the contiguous zone is limited to the enforcement of certain rights, that is to say if there has been a violation of the rights for the protection of which the zone was established.  [47]  Robert C. Reuland mentions that a lthough a states legislative jurisdiction within the contiguous zone may not be limited to the four purposes set out in both sea conventions, such laws should nevertheless be limited to the protection of the states territory and territorial sea. It follows that hot pursuit may not be commenced from the contiguous zone for violations of laws that do not reasonably comport with the littoral states legislative competence with respect to this zone.  [48]  . Whether pursuit may start while the ship is in the continental shelf or in the exclusive economic zone is more directly an aspect of the question whether the violation was made against legislation relation to these zones, than in the case of the contiguous zone. The offence is more directly related to the regime of the zone.  [49]  The state may enact laws consistent with the sovereign rights in these zones, for example relating to protection of fisheries etc in the case of the exclusive economic zone. Similarly, the violatio n of any law enacted by the coastal state that is consistent with the states sovereign rights over the continental shelf may give rise to the right of hot pursuit.  [50]   The right of hot pursuit ceases as soon as the pursued ship enters the territorial waters of its own or a third state.  [51]  To continue therein would result in a violation of that states sovereignty and that is accordingly offending international law.  [52]  This general rule may however be put aside where hot pursuit in another states territorial sea is permitted by treaty.  [53]  It is important to mention that the general rule of cessation at the territorial sea of another state does not apply to other maritime zones beyond the territorial sea, so the pursuing state may actually pursue the foreign ship into the exclusive economic zone or even the contiguous zone of another state. Such zones are to be considered as high seas when it comes to hot purs